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The Great Wall of China

There are hardly any people who don’t know about the Great Wall of China. After all it is a defense wall built by the Chinese Emperor to defend his country form attacks from the Japanese and the Mongolians. The Great Wall of China runs across 2,400 kilometers and it was built way back in 214 B.C. You can take a walk on the wall and marvel at its grandeur. Even though it was built thousands of years ago it still stands strong. However at certain places that experience storms, the Great Wall has either cracked or collapsed in parts. After all, it is difficult t maintain the wall in the remote regions through which it runs in places.

In those times, China suffered heavy damage of property and lives as the Mongols led by the Great Genghis Khan plundered the city of Beijing ruthlessly robbing property and even raping the Chinese women. The Chinese deiced to then build a wall that signifies the border of the country and then the soldiers would also get an upper edge as they could see the enemy at a distance and prepare for an attack. There are watch towers every 100 meters and the guards used to stand on these towers to keep a watch on any impending attacks.

The Great Wall was not easy to build. Hundreds of lives and plenty of money were spent in its construction. In the end it was also embroiled in controversy as its constructor was accused of laundering unnecessary money for making the wall. Hence the wall lay unfinished in the end. The ancient Chinese people were employed for constructing the wall. There were protests from the workers that they had to stay away form their loved ones for long periods of time during the wall’s construction. Hence the engineers decided to let the families relocate to temporary settlements besides the wall so that the workers could live together with their families.

Today the Great Wall is not used for defense. It has now become a major tourist destination in China and is also regarded as one of the Seven Wonders of the World. From the wall you can marvel at the scenery of the mountain ranges. The Wall runs through all the major parts of the China. Since its inception the Wall continues to be the pride of the Chinese people and is said to be their most prized possession. If you are lucky you can also see some wildlife in the mountainous stretches along the Wall. Though we marvel at the Wall’s beauty we should not forget the importance of the efforts and sacrifices of the workers who laid their lives down to protect China from its enemies. After the construction of the wall the Chinese people were able to ward of any enemies who wanted to get inside the country and loot people.

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Captain Cook And His Voyages

     Born in the small village of Marton in North Yorkshire, near Middlesborough, Cook came from an impoverished family of Agricultural Workers. This fact, given the class-ridden social structure of contemporary England, makes his achievements all the more remarkable.

     It was the English practice then of sending boys in their early teens to sea, expecting them to learn on the job and work their way up the hierarchy if they had the talent and determination. Naval pay was excellent, so there was a lot of incentive to ‘go to sea’. The work was extremely hard though, and few of the youngsters made it a lifetime career. After a few years usually, they found a job onshore.

     Cook, not in keeping with this tradition, went to sea later at the age of eighteen and found it so congenial that he probably never gave a thought to switching careers.

     For the first ten years, Cook worked on the small Coal Trading Ships known as ‘cats’ around the East English Coast from Tyne to the Thames. This was a highly risky occupation, give the treacherous nature of the coastline and the rather unsafe harbors, and no doubt provided him with much valuable experience for the Royal Navy, which he joined in 1755.

     By 1758, he had passed the Master’s Exam in Navigation that was required to be able to handle a Royal Ship. He participated in the Seven Years’ War between England and France in North America and gained important surveying experience. In the years after the war, he charted the Newfoundland Coastline, trained himself in Mathematics, Astronomy, and other technical skills needed on-board. He was an undoubted success in the Royal Navy, showing distinctive qualities of leadership and determined ambition. His ship was always efficiently-managed and clean, the crew was well-organized, well-drilled, and had good quarters and food. Cook banished the scrounge of Scurvy by introducing compulsory rations of fresh vegetables and citrus juice. Read more…

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